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🌍 What Gases We Breathe In and Out: The Science of Every Breath We Take

🌍 What Gases We Breathe In and Out: The Science of Every Breath We Take 🌬️ Introduction: The Breath of Life  We breathe in air, a nutritious mixture of invisible gases that keep us alive. None of us, though, pauses to think about what we are breathing. Instead of being simply "oxygen," air is a remarkable and complex mixture of gases that have evolved over millions of years as a result of industrialization, the emergence of plants, and, most recently, pollution in the modern world. This blog will examine the actual composition of the air we breathe, its historical changes, the gases we breathe in and out, and the reasons why breathing is both a scientific marvel and a cause for concern regarding the environment. 🌎 The Air We Breathe: A Historical Context 🕰️ The Antiquity of Air  The four classical elements—earth, air, fire, and water—were based on a philosophical idea before we were aware of the chemical characteristics of air. Then, through experimentation and obser...
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वनों की कटाई (Deforestation)

 पेड़ों को जानबूझकर, प्राकृतिक या आकस्मिक तरीकों से साफ करना, नष्ट करना या अन्यथा हटाना, जिससे भूमि का उपयोग कृषि, लॉगिंग या शहरीकरण जैसे अन्य उद्देश्यों के लिए किया जाता है। 
deforestation, the clearing or thinning of forests by humans. Deforestation represents one of the largest issues in global land use. Estimates of deforestation traditionally are based on the area of forest cleared for human use, including removal of the trees for wood products and for croplands and grazing lands. 

History (इतिहास) 
वनों को अन्य उद्देश्यों के लिए उपयोग की जाने वाली भूमि में परिवर्तित करने का एक लंबा इतिहास रहा है। पृथ्वी की कृषि भूमि, जो लगभग 49 मिलियन वर्ग किमी (18.9 मिलियन वर्ग मील) को कवर करती है, ज़्यादातर वनों की कटाई वाली भूमि है। अधिकांश वर्तमान कृषि भूमि में पर्याप्त वर्षा होती है और वे इतनी गर्म होती हैं कि कभी किसी न किसी तरह के वनों का समर्थन कर सकती थीं। केवल लगभग 1 मिलियन वर्ग किमी (390,000 वर्ग मील) कृषि भूमि ऐसे क्षेत्रों में है जो स्कैंडिनेविया और उत्तरी कनाडा जैसे ठंडे बोरियल वन रहे होंगे। शेष का अधिकांश हिस्सा कभी नम उपोष्णकटिबंधीय या उष्णकटिबंधीय वन था या पूर्वी उत्तरी अमेरिका, पश्चिमी यूरोप और पूर्वी चीन में समशीतोष्ण वन था।

Conversions of forests to land used for other purposes has a long history. Earth’s croplands, which cover about 49 million square km (18.9 million square miles), are mostly deforested land. Most present-day croplands receive enough rain and are warm enough to have once supported forests of one kind or another. Only about 1 million square km (390,000 square miles) of cropland are in areas that would have been cool boreal forests, as in Scandinavian and northern Canada. Much of the remainder was once moist subtropical or tropical forest or, in eastern North America, western Europe, and eastern China, temperate forest.

आधुनिक वनों की कटाई (Modern deforestation) 


संयुक्त राष्ट्र खाद्य एवं कृषि संगठन (एफएओ) का अनुमान है कि वनों की कटाई की वार्षिक दर लगभग 1.3 मिलियन वर्ग किलोमीटर प्रति दशक है, हालांकि 21वीं सदी की शुरुआत में कुछ स्थानों पर वन प्रबंधन प्रथाओं में सुधार और प्रकृति संरक्षण की स्थापना के परिणामस्वरूप यह दर धीमी हो गई है। सबसे ज़्यादा वनों की कटाई उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्रों में हो रही है, जहाँ कई तरह के वन मौजूद हैं। इनमें वर्षावन शामिल हैं जो साल भर गर्म और गीले रहते हैं, ऐसे जंगल जो सिर्फ़ नम और आर्द्र होते हैं, ऐसे जंगल जिनमें अलग-अलग अनुपात में पेड़ शुष्क मौसम में अपने पत्ते खो देते हैं, और शुष्क खुले जंगल शामिल हैं। चूँकि इन श्रेणियों के बीच की सीमाएँ अनिवार्य रूप से मनमानी हैं, इसलिए अनुमान इस बात को लेकर अलग-अलग हैं कि उष्णकटिबंधीय क्षेत्रों में कितना वनों की कटाई हुई है।
The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that the annual rate of deforestation is about 1.3 million square km per decade, though the rate has slowed in some places in the early 21st century as a result of enhanced forest management practices and the establishment of nature preserves. The greatest deforestation is occurring in the tropics, where a wide variety of forests exists. They range from rainforests that are hot and wet year-round to forests that are merely humid and moist, to those in which trees in varying proportions lose their leaves in the dry season, and to dry open woodlands. Because boundaries between these categories are inevitably arbitrary, estimates differ regarding how much deforestation has occurred in the tropics.

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