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भारत की नदियाँ: उद्योग और कृषि द्वारा प्रदूषित

  भारत की नदियाँ: उद्योग और कृषि द्वारा प्रदूषित भारत कई कारकों के संयोजन के कारण गंभीर नदी प्रदूषण का सामना कर रहा है, जो इसके जल स्रोतों के स्वास्थ्य और नागरिकों की भलाई के लिए खतरा उत्पन्न कर रहा है। इस समस्या में योगदान देने वाले मुख्य कारकों में औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट का निर्वहन शामिल है, जिसमें खतरनाक अपशिष्ट नदियों में समाप्त हो जाता है, अव्यवस्थित सीवेज, कीटनाशक और उर्वरकों के साथ कृषि जल-अपवाह, अपशिष्ट का अनुचित निपटान और मूर्ति विसर्जन जैसी धार्मिक प्रथाएं शामिल हैं। ये कारक जल प्रदूषण का कारण बनते हैं, जिससे जलीय पारिस्थितिकी तंत्र और मानव स्वास्थ्य प्रभावित होते हैं। जलवायु परिवर्तन, जनसंख्या वृद्धि, शहरीकरण और जागरूकता और शिक्षा की कमी जैसे बुनियादी कारक इस गंभीर स्थिति का कारण बने हैं।     विशेषताएँ   मान   प्रदूषण के मुख्य औद्योगिक अपशिष्ट का निपटान, अप्राकृतिक/असाफ सिवरेज, कीटनाशक और उर्वरक के साथ कृषि अपवाह, असंगत कचरा निपटान, और धार्मिक प्रथाएँ जैसे मूर्तियों और पूजन सामग्री का नदियों में विसर्जनप्रदूषित नदियों की संख्या Number of polluted rivers 3...
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Measurement of Air Quality

  Measurement of Air Quality

Industrial stability, environmental sustainability, and human health are all significantly impacted by air quality. Particulate matter (PM), ground-level ozone, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, lead, and other contaminants all impact how clean the air we breathe is. Given that 99 percent of people on the planet breathe contaminated air, comprehending and resolving air quality problems has become crucial.


The Importance of Air Quality
Negative air quality has serious repercussions:

  • Effects on Health: Lung cancer, heart disease, stroke, respiratory disorders, and early mortality are all exacerbated by air pollution. Because PM2.5 particles deeply enter the bloodstream, they are especially harmful.
  • Environmental Effects: Polluted air harms ecosystems by influencing biodiversity, forest development, and soil health. It also releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, speeding up climate change.
  • Economic Costs: Health issues brought on by bad air quality result in higher medical bills and lower productivity.
How to Measure the Quality of the Air
Several instruments and methods are used to monitor the quality of the air:

Index of Air Quality (AQI):

Higher values on the AQI, a defined scale with values ranging from 0 to 500, indicate worse air quality. "Green" (safe) and "maroon" (dangerous) are examples of categories.

It monitors contaminants such as carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, PM2.5, and PM10.

Governments use AQI data to create "action days" and issue advice to cut emissions during times of high pollution.

Monitoring from the Ground:

Real-time data on pollutants in urban areas is gathered using devices such as chemical sensors and diffusion tubes.

Through ambient air monitoring, present pollution levels are compared to clean air requirements and historical data.

Satellite Surveillance:
Globally, high-resolution data on particle pollution is provided by satellites such as NOAA's GOES-R and JPSS. They monitor volcanic ash, industrial emissions, dust storms, and wildfire aerosols.

Global Efforts to Improve Air Quality

Governments worldwide have implemented measures to combat air pollution:

  • Strengthening regulations for emissions from vehicles and industries.

  • Promoting renewable energy sources to reduce reliance on fossil fuels.

  • Encouraging public transportation and reducing traffic congestion.

Additionally, international organizations like the World Health Organization (WHO) monitor air quality in over 6,000 cities globally and advocate for stricter environmental policies.


Frequently Asked Questions

 

 Q1 What is the main cause of air pollution?

The major cause of air pollution is the burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas. This occurs mainly through vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and power generation. These activities release harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter into the air. Air pollution contributes to climate change and can cause serious health issues, including respiratory and heart diseases, especially in densely populated and industrialized areas.

Q2 Does air pollution cause global warming?

Yes, air pollution can cause global warming, especially when it involves greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide (CO₂) and methane (CH₄). These gases trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere, leading to rising global temperatures. Some air pollutants, like black carbon (soot), also absorb sunlight and heat in the atmosphere. However, not all air pollution warms the planet—aerosols like sulfur dioxide can actually cool it slightly by reflecting sunlight. Overall, pollution drives climate change.



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